4 A). FYCO1, or Protrudin inhibited MT1-MMPCdependent extracellular matrix degradation and malignancy cell invasion by avoiding anterograde translocation and exocytosis of MT1-MMP. Moreover, when endosome translocation or exocytosis was inhibited by depletion of Protrudin or Synaptotagmin VII, respectively, invadopodia were unable to increase and elongate. Conversely, when Protrudin was overexpressed, noncancerous cells developed prominent invadopodia-like protrusions and showed improved matrix degradation and invasion. Therefore, Protrudin-mediated ERCendosome contact sites promote cell invasion by facilitating translocation of MT1-MMPCladen endosomes to the plasma membrane, enabling both invadopodia outgrowth and MT1-MMP exocytosis. Intro Tumor cells can change phenotype over time and activate cellular pathways that make them able to breach basement membranes and migrate into the underlying mesenchymal cells. This behavior prospects to the development of cancer, and the escaping cells can eventually metastasize to distant organs (Chambers et al., 2002; Rowe and Weiss, 2008; Paterson and Courtneidge, 2018). One important characteristic of disseminating malignancy cells is definitely that they develop cellular protrusions called invadopodia. Invadopodia are actin-rich plasma membrane protrusions, which secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade the ECM. Whereas malignancy cells use invadopodia for dissemination, invadopodia-like constructions called podosomes are found in a variety of normal cells. Podosomes are used for attachment and invasion in cells development, and 20-HETE in the immune system. The formation of invadopodia and podosomes mainly depends on the same molecular machinery, but podosomes are thought to be more transitory and less protrusive than invadopodia (Eddy et al., 2017; Paterson and Courtneidge, 2018; Murphy and Courtneidge, 2011; Jacob and Prekeris, 2015; Castro-Castro et al., 2016 and referrals therein). Growth element signaling initiates the assembly of invadopodia precursors like actin, cortactin, and the Src substrate and scaffold protein Tyrosine kinase 20-HETE substrate with five SH3 domains (TKS5). This typically happens close to focal adhesion sites, where integrins or additional cell-matrix adhesion receptors connect the cell to the ECM. In addition to growth element signaling, degradation products of the ECM as well as substrate rigidity can stimulate the formation of invadopodia (Di Martino et al., 2016; Beaty and Condeelis, 20-HETE 2014; Parekh and Weaver, 2016; Eddy et al., 2017; Siqueira et al., 2016; Seals et al., 2005). Precursor stabilization allows invadopodia maturation, which happens through a two-pronged mechanism. On one hand, actin polymerization and cortactin-dependent branching allow the invadopodium to increase and elongate. On the other hand, MMP-containing vesicles fuse with the invadopodial plasma membrane, leading to ECM degradation. Interestingly, both methods of invadopodia maturation depend on membrane plasticity and vesicle transport. Whereas lysosomes have been suggested to contribute membrane for invadopodium development (Naegeli et al., 2017), late endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter collectively called LE/Lys) have an established part in the delivery of the transmembrane MMP MT1-MMP (also known as MMP14) to the invadopodial plasma membrane (Castro-Castro et al., 2016). The local high concentration of MT1-MMP in the invadopodial plasma membrane is definitely thought to be important for its potency in ECM redesigning. The internalization of MT1-MMP into endosomes is definitely a central mechanism in this respect, since recycling from endosomal swimming pools can ensure efficient and targeted delivery of MT1-MMP to invadopodia (Castro-Castro et al., 2016). A high concentration of MT1-MMP in invadopodia can be maintained from the anchoring of MT1-MMP to the actin/cortactin invadopodial core (Yu et al., 2012). Furthermore, dystroglycan and matrix adhesion proteins can form barriers at the base of invasive protrusions, which could inhibit the lateral diffusion of MT1-MMP (Naegeli et al., 2017; Branch et al., 2012). To increase its potency even further, MT1-MMP is definitely released to the ECM via exosomes, which derive from the fusion of late multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane (Hoshino et al., 20-HETE 2013). Both early and late endosomes are implicated in the endocytic circuit of MT1-MMP (Frittoli et al., 2014; Sneeggen et al., 2019; Castro-Castro et al., 2016). However, LE/Lys are particularly important for the focusing on of MT1-MMP to invadopodia (Chevalier et al., 2016; Hoshino et al., 2013; Macpherson et al., 2014; Monteiro et al., 2013; Ross et al., 2014; Steffen 20-HETE et al., 2008; Williams and Coppolino, 2011; Yu et al., 2012), and LE/Lys accumulate in the Ywhaz invadopodia foundation (Monteiro et al., 2013). It is not known how LE/Lys are guided to the forming protrusions, but studies in have shown that local signaling through netrin receptors can cause polarization of lysosomes at the site of invasive protrusion formation (Naegeli et al., 2017; Hagedorn et al., 2013). Despite the growing evidence that endocytic recycling of LE/Lys is definitely important.